Nunzia™ may work well in combination with other treatment plans and therapies such as*:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) 
• Chiropractic Therapy
• Physical Therapy
• Massage Therapy
• Music Therapy
• Art Therapy
• Dance Therapy
• Equestrian Therapy
• Swimming Therapy
• Fitness
• Yoga

What is glutamate and why is keeping it balanced important?

Glutamate is the most abundant and major excitatory neurotransmitter in our brain and central nervous system, and can be found within the intersections of multiple metabolic pathways.  A basic way to understand the function of an excitatory neurotransmitter is to think of it as a light switch.   Basically, an excitatory neurotransmitter increases the likelihood that the neuron it acts upon will have an action potential (also referred to as a nerve impulse).  When an action potential occurs, the nerve fires, which is comparable to a light switch turning on when a circuit is completed.  Once neurons fire, a message can then be disseminated throughout the neural circuit.  More than half of the brain’s synapses release glutamate making it the main neurotransmitter that is utilized for neural circuit communication. [8]

Since glutamate is the primary molecule that promotes neuronal excitation, it is therefore the key mediator of cognition, emotions, memory, behavior, sensory information, and motor coordination. [7]  It is additionally significantly related to the activity of most other neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which—when imbalanced—are cited to be linked with cognitive impairments as well as mood and anxiety disorders. [3,4,5,6]

As is the case with most everything in the body, it is vital that glutamatergic communications are in balanced concentrations as inadequate concentrations can result in faulty communications and excesses can be neurotoxic and lead to neuron and neural network damage. [7]  Glutamatergic communication is especially critical in brain regions such as the hippocampus and cortex for healthy cognitive function and emotional stability. [3,5,6,7] 

Nunzia™ was developed to aid in balancing the production of glutamate within the Hippocampus to protect neurons against damage and ultimately ease numerous cognitive or mental health issues that can arise from such imbalances*.

WHY FOCUS ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS?

Within the limbic system—our so-called “emotional brain” that regulates motivation, emotion, learning, and memory—rests the hippocampus, a distinctively curved sea-horse-shaped region of the brain.  It has crucial roles in cognitive functions and also mediates emotions within the limbic system. [5]  This makes sense when you take a close look at the hippocampus, as it can be further divided into three hippocampal compartments: the dorsal, intermediate, and—most importantly for our purposes—the ventral.  While the dorsal is mainly responsible for cognitive functions such as memory, the ventral is linked to stress, emotion, and outward expressions (affect). [2]  The intermediate has partly overlapping characteristics with these neighbors.  Since the hippocampus is the brain’s source of forming new memories that connect to emotions and senses, it is not surprising that it has been found to play a major role in maintaining cognitive health as well as regulating affective states, particularly the regulation of anxiety states. [1,3,5,6]   

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REFERENCES

1. Donegan, J.J., Boley, A.M., Yamaguchi, J. et al. Modulation of extrasynaptic GABAA alpha 5 receptors in the ventral hippocampus normalizes physiological and behavioral deficits in a circuit specific manner. Nat Commun 10, 2819 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10800-1
2. Fanselow, Michael S, and Hong-Wei Dong. “Are the dorsal and ventral hippocampus functionally distinct structures?.” Neuron vol. 65,1 (2010): 7-19. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.031
3. Gao, Fei et al. “Altered hippocampal GABA and glutamate levels and uncoupling from functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis.” Hippocampus vol. 28,11 (2018): 813-823. doi:10.1002/hipo.23001
4. Martin, Elizabeth I et al. “The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology.” The Psychiatric clinics of North America vol. 32,3 (2009): 549-75. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.004
5. Revest, JM., Dupret, D., Koehl, M. et al. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved in anxiety-related behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 14, 959–967 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.15
6. Shin, Lisa M, and Israel Liberzon. “The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders.” Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology vol. 35,1 (2010): 169-91. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83
7. Sundaram, R. Shanmuga, L. Gowtham, and Bhabani S. Nayak. “The Role Of Excitatory Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Brain Physiology And Pathology.” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. vol 5, Issue 2, (2012)
8. Zhou, Y, and N C Danbolt. “Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain.” Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) vol. 121,8 (2014): 799-817. doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8

* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The products and information on this website are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information on this site is for educational purposes only and should not be substituted for professional advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please always seek the advice of your physician, therapist, or other qualified health care provider when evaluating any wellness related therapy.